VERDANT:

• A. immature
• B. forbidding
• C. incomplete
• D. desolate
• E. diminutive

The Trojan War is one of the most famous wars in history. It is well known for the tenyear duration, for the
heroism of a number of legendary characters, and for the Trojan horse. What may not be familiar,
however, is the story of how the war began. According to Greek myth, the strife between the Trojans and
the Greeks started at the wedding of Peleus, King of Thessaly, and Thetis, a sea nymph. All of the gods
and goddesses had been invited to the wedding celebration in Troy except Eris, goddesses of discord.
She had been omitted from the guest list because her presence always embroiled mortals and immortals
alike in conflict. To take revenge on those who had slighted her, Eris decided to cause a skirmish. Into the
middle of the banquet hall, she threw a golden apple marked "for the most beautiful." All of the goddesses
began to haggle over who should possess it.
The gods and goddesses reached a stalemate when the choice was narrowed to Hera, Athena, and
Aphrodite. Someone was needed to settle the controversy by picking a winner. The job eventually fell to
Paris, son of King Priam of Troy, who was said to be a good judge of beauty. Paris did not have an easy
job. Each goddess, eager to win the golden apple, tried aggressively to bribe him. "I'll grant you vast
kingdoms to rule, "promised HerA. "Vast kingdoms are nothing in comparison with my gift," contradicted
AthenA. "Choose me and I'll see that you win victory and fame in war." Aphrodite outdid her adversaries,
however. She won the golden apple by offering Helen, Zeus' daughter and the most beautiful mortal, to
Paris. Paris, anxious to claim Helen, set off for Sparta in
Greece. Although Paris learned that Helen was married, he accepted the hospitality of her husband, King
Menelasu of Sparta, anyway. Therefore, Menelaus was outraged for a number of reasons when Paris
departed, taking Helen and much of the king's wealth back to Troy. Menelaus collected his loyal forces
and set sail for Troy to begin the war to reclaim Helen.
Each goddess tried ___to bribe Paris.

• A. answer not stated
• B. boldly
• C. effectively
• D. secretly
• E. carefully

Marie Curie was one of the most accomplished scientists in history. Together with her husband, Pierre,
she discovered radium, an element widely used for treating cancer, and studied uranium and other
radioactive substances. Pierre and Marie's amicable collaboration later helped to unlock the secrets of the
atom. Marie was born in 1867 in Warsaw, Poland, where her father was a professor of physics. At the
early age, she displayed a brilliant mind and a blithe personality. Her great exuberance for learning
prompted her to continue with her studies after high school. She became disgruntled, however, when she
learned that the university in Warsaw was closed to women.
Determined to receive a higher education, she defiantly left Poland and in 1891 entered the Sorbonne, a
French university, where she earned her master's degree and doctorate in physics. Marie was fortunate to
have studied at the Sorbonne with some of the greatest scientists of her day, one of whom was Pierre
Curie. Marie and Pierre were married in
1 895 and spent many productive years working together in the physics laboratory. A short time after they
discovered radium, Pierre was killed by a horse-drawn wagon in 1906. Marie was stunned by this horrible
misfortune and endured heartbreaking anguish. espondently she recalled their close relationship and the
joy that they had shared in scientific research. The fact that she had two young daughters to raise by
herself greatly increased her distress. Curie's feeling of desolation finally began to fade when she was
asked to succeed her husband as a physics professor at the Sorbonne. She was the first woman to be
given a professorship at the world-famous university. In 1911 she received the Nobel Prize in chemistry
for isolating radium. Although Marie Curie eventually suffered a fatal illness from her long exposure to
radium, she never became disillusioned about her work. Regardless of the consequences, she had
dedicated herself to science and to revealing the mysteries of the physical world.
When she learned that she could not attend the university in Warsaw, she felt___.

• A. annoyed
• B. none of the above
• C. depressed
• D. hopeless
• E. worried

The victory of the small Greek democracy of Athens over the mighty Persian empire in 490 B. C. is one of
the most famous events in history. Darius, king of the Persian empire, was furious because Athens had
interceded for the other Greek city-states in revolt against Persian domination. In anger the king sent an
enormous army to defeat Athens.
He thought it would take drastic steps to pacify the rebellious part of the empire. Persia was ruled by one
man. In Athens, however, all citizens helped to rule. Ennobled by this participation, Athenians were
prepared to die for their city-state. Perhaps this was the secret of the remarkable victory at Marathon,
which freed them from Persian rule. On their way to Marathon, the Persians tried to fool some Greek
city-states by claiming to have come in peace. The frightened citizens of Delos refused to believe this. Not
wanting to abet the conquest of Greece, they fled from their city and did not return until the Persians had
left. They were wise, for the Persians next conquered the city of Etria and captured its people. Tiny
Athens stood alone against PersiA. The Athenian people went to their sanctuaries. There they prayed for
deliverance. They asked their gods to expedite their victory. The Athenians refurbished their weapons and
moved to the plain of Marathon, where their little band would meet the Persians. At the last moment,
soldiers from Plataea reinforced the Athenian troops. The Athenian army attacked, and Greek citizens
fought bravely. The power of the mighty Persians was offset by the love that the Athenians had for their
city. Athenians defeated the Persians in archery and hand combat.
Greek soldiers seized Persian ships and burned them, and the Persians fled in terror.
Herodotus, a famous historian, reports that 6400 Persians died, compared with only 192 Athenians.
The people of Delos did not want to ___ the conquest of Greece.

• A. encourage
• B. daydream about
• C. answer not available
• D. end
• E. think about

The heart of the restorationist critique of environmental preservationism is the claim that it rests on an
unhealthy dualism that conceives nature and humankind as radically distinct and opposed to each other.
The crucial question about the restorationist outlook has to do with the degree to which the restorationist
program is itself faithful to its first principle- that nature and humanity are fundamentally united rather than
separate. Rejecting the old domination model, which sees humans as over nature, restoration theory
champions a model of community participation. Yet some of the descriptions of what restorationists are
actually up to-for example, Turner's description of humans as "the lords of creation," or Jordan's
statement that "the fate and well being of the biosphere depend ultimately on us and our relationship with
it"-do not cohere well with the community-participation model. Another holistic model-namely, that of
nature as an organism-might be more serviceable to the restorationists. As with the community model,
the "organic" model pictures nature as a system of interconnected parts. A fundamental difference,
however, is that in an organism the parts are wholly subservient to the life of the organism.
Which of the following best expresses the function of the first paragraph in relation to the second one?

• A. To identify a problem with a school of thought, which is then explored in detail
• B. To introduce opposing viewpoints, which are then evaluated
• C. To establish the parameters of an ensuing debate
• D. To discuss a secondary issue as a prelude to a more detailed examination of a primary issue
• E. To provide an historical backdrop for a discussion of a modern-day issue